Ben老师:
这回我遵从你的教导,在24小时内把自己课上所学分享给了我的好友,他说好久没听过这么清晰的虚拟语气讲解了。下面是我的总结,请指正:
一、 虚拟语气最大的特点
“降时态”——在普通句子的基础上,给所有“虚拟”部分的谓语动词“降”一个时态。
“降时态”的意义在于:表示被“降”的部分与事实不符。
二、 隐含法
将所有“降时态”的部分“取非”,即是事实。
例句:He would have been here yesterday if he had driven a car.
隐含的意思:He wasn’t here yesterday. And he didn’t drive a car.
三、 虚拟语气的类型
1 对于现状的假设(与现在的事实不符)
造句方法如下:
1)凭“生理反应”造个句子;
2)把与事实不符部分的谓语动词“降”一个时态。
例句:If I were a bird, I would fly.
2 对于将来的假设(与将来要发生的事不符)
例句:If I was marrying Vicky, I would be very happy.
3 对于过去的假设(与过去的事实不符)
例句:I would have told you yesterday if you had been here.
4 混合型假设
例句:Things would be better if I had told her the truth.
5 不“降”时态的假设
如果假设的部分不“降”时态,说明说话者不确定该部分是否与事实相符。
例句:
If we get caught, we will be expelled.
He would have been here yesterday if he drove a car.
四、 if和whether的省略
1 if的省略:省掉if,再把was, were, should或had done中的had拽到最前面。
例句:Should it rain, we would be staying at home.
Had I known about the meeting, I would have been there.
我在The Facebook Effect里还看到一句:
The number of people there is growing at a mind-bending rate—
about five percent a month. Were the growth rates of both
Facebook and the Internet to remain steady, by 2013 every single
person online worldwide would be on Facebook.
按照if的省略规则,这句里中间的那小半句也可以写成:
If the growth rates of both Facebook and the Internet were to
remain steady, …
2 whether的省略:省掉whether,再把be动词变为原形拽到最前面。
例句:
We have all at some time felt a primal emotion, be it envy, anger or desire.
五、 should的省略
当某句话有“指手画脚”(要求对方做某事)的感觉时,以that开头的从
句中should可省。
例句:I insist that you (should) not see her tomorrow.
六、 语法位置的等同
1 do=have done(在只能加do [动词原形]的地方,have done表示“过去”。)
例句:He can’t leave you alone.
He can’t have left you alone.
2 sth=doing=to do
例句:I like apples.
I like dancing.(注:dancing不起“找补”作用)
I like to sleep.(注:to sleep不起“找补”作用)
3 另外,“语法位置等同”的原理让我越发明白了语法学习的意义——
你希望从一个句子中类比出越多的新句子,就需要越多的语法知识。
例如:当看到I look forward to the party时,如果只知道第三人称单数应该加s,那么你最多再说一句She looks forward to the party;如果还掌握了所有时态,你就可以很有把握地说She has been looking forward to the party;如果再知道“sth和doing的语法位置等同”的原理,你就可以进一步享受说She has been looking forward to seeing you的特权。可见,语言学习中的“举一反三”靠的绝对不是“创造力”,而是语法知识!
七、 看英语书要注意的
1 一开始不要看名著。
2 不要过于迷信分级读物。
祝好!
以上
Bob
2012-1-28